

Amino acids polymerize into long linear chains to form proteins, which have a variety of functions in metabolism, may be the precursors for the biosynthesis of other biological molecules, are critical to life, and are therefore needed by every living organism. An amino acid is a molecule containing both an amine group and a carboxyl functional group. Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Next to water, protein makes up the largest portion of our body weight as it is contained in muscles, body organs, hair, nails, and other body systems. There are more than 500 different modifications of amino acids, which occur in nature, of which humans can produce only 10 out of all 20 amino acids; the others must be supplied by the diet. Unlike fat and complex carbohydrates, the human body does not store excess amino acids as a reserve; they must be supplied in the diet every day.
Amino acids are incorporated into proteins. At a minimum, basal medium must contain the essential amino acids (EAA's) that cannot be synthesized by the cells including L-cysteine and L-tyrosine at a rate to meet the cells’ metabolic requirements. Individual requirements vary for the cell type being cultured. Some more specialized media often have non-essential amino acids (NEAA's) added to ensure that the amino acids do not limit the maximum cell concentration attainable.
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